Collection: GOAFF_53

Freeze-Dried Goat Milk Bites are made from 100% pure goat milk and gently freeze-dried into light, crunchy bite-sized treats that retain the natural nutritional benefits of goat milk.

Goat milk naturally contains lower lactose levels than cow's milk, making it easier to digest and gentler on sensitive stomachs.

It is less likely to cause bloating or diarrhea, making it an ideal dairy-based treat for dogs with digestive sensitivity.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Freeze-Dried Krill is made from 100% krill, gently freeze-dried to preserve its naturally rich nutrients.

Krill is naturally high in astaxanthin, a powerful antioxidant that may help support immune health and reduce oxidative stress.

It also provides Omega-3 in phospholipid form, which is highly absorbable and may help support healthy skin, a shiny coat, and overall vitality.

Net Weight: 30g (about 1.06 oz)

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Crush into smaller bits for small dogs or gentle feeding.
• Great as a topper or inside enrichment toys for scent & engagement.
• Always provide fresh water.
• Supervise while feeding.

• Unopened: within 12 months (see package date)
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• Single-protein source.
• No added salt, additives, hormones, antibiotics, or preservatives (see label).
• Discard small crumbs if needed; supervise during feeding.

Freeze-Dried Skin-On Salmon Chunks are made from whole salmon portions with the skin intact, offering more complete nutrition than skinless fish treats.

The salmon meat provides high-quality animal protein and is naturally rich in omega-3 fatty acids (DHA & EPA), supporting skin health, coat shine, and overall vitality.

The salmon skin adds an extra layer of nourishing ingredients, including collagen, elastin, and DHA-rich fats that help support skin, coat, and everyday mobility.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Freeze-Dried Sand Lance Fish is made from 100% whole sand lance, a small marine fish known for its clean protein profile, easy digestibility, and naturally beneficial fatty acids.

Sand lance fish is high in protein and naturally low in fat, while still providing DHA, EPA, and other beneficial omega-3 fatty acids.

These nutrients help support healthy skin, reduce excessive shedding, and promote a shinier, healthier coat-making it especially suitable for pets prone to skin sensitivity or hair loss.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Fresh-breath patty - a clean mouth daily reward concept combining savory proteins with a fresh herbal note.

• Daily routine-friendly story
• Great after-meal reward idea
• Portion-ready for training

These air-dried chicken, shrimp, and parsley patties deliver both flavor and function in every bite.

Lean chicken breast and shrimp provide two high-quality animal protein sources, offering greater nutritional density than standard meat treats.

Parsley adds natural plant compounds that help freshen breath and support digestive health, making these patties an excellent daily reward with added functional benefits.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Made from real ingredients and gently processed to preserve aroma and nutrition.

Clean, simple bites that are easy to portion.

Serve as rewards, enrichment, or a meal topper when appropriate.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Freeze-Dried Lamb Heart is made with 100% lamb heart and gently freeze-dried to preserve its natural aroma, texture, and meat-forward flavor.

This single-ingredient treat has a satisfying bite and can be served as a daily reward, training treat, or meal topper for dogs and cats.

Break into smaller pieces for small pets, and adjust the serving amount based on your pet¡¯s size, age, and daily routine.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months.
• After opening: within 6 months.
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Freeze-Dried Rabbit Spine Bones are made from 100% natural rabbit spine, featuring a fine, lightweight bone structure that is easier and safer to chew compared to large, dense bones from bigger animals.

Rabbit spine bones provide a well-balanced natural calcium-to-phosphorus ratio, along with small amounts of chondroitin and collagen, supporting dental hygiene, bone strength, and joint health.

The freeze-drying process preserves the bone's natural structure while reducing hardness, making it more brittle and less likely to splinter into sharp fragments.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• - Refrigerate after opening

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Duck & Shark Bone Chews combine highly palatable duck meat with premium shark bone to deliver functional nutrition focused on bone strength, joint support, and dental health.

Shark bone is a superior natural calcium source, containing bioavailable calcium, chondroitin, and collagen.

These nutrients play an important role in supporting skeletal development, joint maintenance, and strong teeth.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Made from real ingredients and gently processed to preserve aroma and nutrition.

Clean, simple bites that are easy to portion.

Serve as rewards, enrichment, or a meal topper when appropriate.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• - Refrigerate after opening

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Made from real ingredients and gently processed to preserve aroma and nutrition.

Clean, simple bites that are easy to portion.

Serve as rewards, enrichment, or a meal topper when appropriate.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• - Refrigerate after opening

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Freeze-Dried Lamb Kidney is a nutrient-dense, single-ingredient organ meat treat made from carefully selected lamb kidneys and gently freeze-dried to preserve their natural nutritional profile.

Lamb kidney is naturally high in protein and low in fat, making it a light yet functional red-meat organ option.

It contains animal-based nutrients, trace minerals, and B vitamins, making it a nutrient-rich organ treat for everyday variety.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Freeze-Dried Pork Testicle Slices are made from 100% pure pork testicle , a naturally lean organ meat with exceptionally high nutritional density.

Carefully freeze-dried to preserve its original structure and nutrients, this product delivers concentrated animal protein with excellent digestibility.

Compared to standard muscle meats, pork testicle contains higher levels of trace minerals such as iron, zinc, and selenium, along with a wide spectrum of amino acids.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Freeze-Dried Venison Ribs are made from prime, lean cuts of venison ribs , carefully selected for their uniform texture and clean muscle structure .

These rib cuts retain intact muscle fibers , ensuring excellent nutrient preservation and a naturally satisfying chewing experience.

Venison is a premium, low-fat red meat protein , making it ideal for dogs that require high-quality protein without excess fat .

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Freeze-Dried Salmon Steak Strips are made from 100% salmon and gently freeze-dried to preserve natural nutrition and rich flavor.

Salmon naturally provides DHA & EPA (Omega-3 fatty acids) that may help support healthy skin and a shiny coat, and may help support overall wellness.

The texture is lightly crunchy with a satisfying chew, making it a great choice for dogs who enjoy gnawing.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Serve as a reward, mix into meals, or place in enrichment toys for extra engagement.
• Always provide fresh water.
• Supervise while feeding.

• Unopened: within 12 months (see package date)
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• Single-protein source.
• No added salt, additives, hormones, antibiotics, or preservatives (see label).
• Discard small pieces if needed; supervise during feeding.

These freeze-dried egg yolk melt bites are designed as a gentle, highly palatable treat for pets of all ages.

Made with real egg yolk and goat milk, this formula delivers a naturally rich aroma and smooth taste.

Egg yolk is naturally high in lecithin, which helps support skin health and promote a shinier, healthier coat.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Freeze-Dried Venison Neck is made from 100% whole venison neck, naturally containing a balanced combination of meat, bone, and cartilage.

Venison neck is a naturally rich source of bone calcium, phosphorus, collagen, chondroitin, and elastin, providing comprehensive structural nutrition that supports strong bones, healthy joints, and overall mobility.

The presence of cartilage and connective tissue also contributes to skin elasticity and coat health.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Freeze-Dried Salmon Bones are made from natural salmon backbone and gently freeze-dried to preserve their original mineral structure and marine nutrients.

Salmon bones are a natural source of calcium and phosphorus , providing a more bioavailable mineral profile than artificial calcium supplements.

In addition to bone minerals, salmon bones naturally retain small amounts of fish oil, collagen-rich skin, and residual fish protein , making them beneficial not only for skeletal health but also for skin and coat condition.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

These 12 cm duck-wrapped beefhide rolls are crafted for small dogs who enjoy long-lasting chewing with enhanced flavor.

The beefhide is carefully cleaned, defatted, and air-dried to achieve a dense, resilient structure that supports natural chewing behavior.

Wrapped with savory duck meat, this chew delivers a richer aroma and taste while remaining gentle on sensitive stomachs.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

These air-dried kiwi duck treats combine novel duck protein with real kiwi fruit to create a gentle, functional reward designed for pets with sensitive digestion or skin.

Duck is a naturally lean, highly digestible protein source that is often well tolerated by pets with food sensitivities.

Kiwi fruit contributes natural plant nutrients and a bright fruit note, making this treat a flavorful part of a balanced reward routine.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

These air-dried chicken and sweet potato treats combine lean animal protein with clean, natural carbohydrates to create a balanced, satisfying snack for everyday feeding.

Chicken is one of the most digestible and low-burden animal proteins, making it ideal for healthy daily treats.

Sweet potato naturally provides dietary fiber and beta-carotene, which support digestion, help relieve constipation, and promote a gentle feeling of fullness.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

These air-dried duck and purple sweet potato treats are crafted for pets with sensitive digestion and higher palatability needs.

Duck is a naturally low-allergen protein that is gentle on the digestive system and highly accepted by picky eaters.

Purple sweet potato is rich in natural antioxidants and dietary fiber, supporting healthy digestion while promoting gut motility.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Made from 100% chicken breast and slowly air-dried to create a light, chewy jerky texture with a naturally rich chicken aroma.

Compared with freeze-dried cubes, this jerky offers a more satisfying bite, making it a great choice for training rewards, chewing moments, and daily high-protein snacking. The thin pieces are easy to tear by hand, so you can adjust the portion size for dogs and cats of different ages and sizes.

With no fillers or unnecessary additives, it is a simple, lean-protein treat for everyday feeding.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• For Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Freeze-Dried Pork Heart is made from 100% pure pork heart muscle and gently freeze-dried to preserve its natural nutritional value.

Pork heart is a lean cardiac muscle with a higher protein content and significantly lower fat compared to regular pork cuts.

Its muscle fibers are fine and highly digestible, delivering high nutrient density without greasiness or digestive burden .

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

These chicken and shark bone chews are crafted to provide a premium natural calcium source combined with high-quality animal protein.

Shark bone is known for its dense mineral structure and naturally high calcium content, offering superior bone and dental support compared to common animal bones.

Combined with savory chicken meat, this chew delivers both functional nutrition and excellent palatability.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

These 12 cm chicken-wrapped beefhide rolls are designed for small dogs who love to chew.

Made from thoroughly cleaned and defatted beefhide, air-dried to achieve a firm and resilient texture, then wrapped with flavorful chicken, this chew offers the perfect balance between palatability and chew resistance.

The compact size makes it easy for small dogs to grip and chew, helping release excess energy, reduce anxiety, and support daily dental hygiene in a natural and satisfying way.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

These air-dried duck and kabocha pumpkin treats combine a gentle, low-allergen animal protein with a premium pumpkin variety known for its naturally sweet flavor and rich nutritional profile.

Duck is a highly palatable, easy-to-digest protein often recommended for pets with sensitivities.

Kabocha pumpkin offers a creamier texture, stronger natural sweetness, and higher beta-carotene content than regular pumpkin, supporting overall vitality and digestive health.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Made from premium duck breast, this freeze-dried treat provides a clean, novel protein option for pets with sensitivities.

Duck is widely recognized as a low-allergen protein , making it an excellent alternative for pets who may react to more common proteins such as chicken or beef.

Naturally rich in protein and lower in fat, duck breast offers both nutritional balance and deep meat flavor.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Freeze-Dried Venison Liver is made from premium venison liver , a highly nutrient-dense organ meat known for its exceptional concentration of essential vitamins and minerals.

Venison liver is naturally rich in vitamin A , along with iron, zinc, copper, selenium, and B-complex vitamins.

These nutrients play a crucial role in supporting immune function, skin health, energy metabolism, and healthy blood production .

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Oreo-style sandwich treat - a playful black & white cookie look that turns rewards into a photo-worthy moment, without using artificial coloring.

• Giftable, boutique-style design
• Portion-friendly for training
• Fun shape encourages engagement

Oreo-Style Freeze-Dried Sandwich Cookies combine playful black-and-white layering with a gentle, nutrition-focused formula designed for everyday rewarding.

Lean chicken serves as the primary protein base, delivering high-quality protein with low fat for easy digestion.

Natural squid ink provides the signature dark color along with trace marine minerals and amino acidsawithout artificial coloring.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Made from premium duck breast, this freeze-dried treat provides a clean, novel protein option for pets with sensitivities.

Duck is widely recognized as a low-allergen protein , making it an excellent alternative for pets who may react to more common proteins such as chicken or beef.

Naturally rich in protein and lower in fat, duck breast offers both nutritional balance and deep meat flavor.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Made from real ingredients and gently processed to preserve aroma and nutrition.

Clean, simple bites that are easy to portion.

Serve as rewards, enrichment, or a meal topper when appropriate.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Fragrance-forward gourmet patty - inspired by delicate bakery aromas, pairing rich duck + shrimp umami with a subtle floral finish.

• Premium gourmet bite vibe
• High palatability for picky eaters
• Easy to portion, clean label

These air-dried duck, shrimp, and osmanthus patties are crafted to deliver a unique three-layer flavor experience pets love.

Rich, aromatic duck meat pairs with the natural umami of shrimp, while a subtle floral note from osmanthus adds an appealing scent that enhances palatability without overpowering.

This balanced combination creates a highly attractive reward that keeps pets engaged and eager.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

These air-dried duck and pear treats combine a rich, hypoallergenic animal protein with naturally refreshing fruit to create a light, highly palatable snack for sensitive and picky pets.

Duck is a gentle, easy-to-digest protein that is less likely to trigger food sensitivities, while pear provides natural fruit acids and antioxidant vitamin C.

The pear's mild sweetness helps balance the meat aroma, creating a clean, refreshing flavor pets love without being greasy or overwhelming.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

These air-dried zucchini chicken treats are designed for pets who benefit from a lighter, balanced snack option.

Lean chicken provides high-quality animal protein with naturally low fat, while zucchini adds gentle plant-based nutrients to support daily dietary variety.

This combination makes the treat especially suitable for pets with weight management needs or those that typically consume fewer vegetables.

• For intermittent or supplemental feeding only.

• Treats only; not a complete meal.
• Break into smaller pieces for small pets.
• Always provide fresh water.

• Unopened: within 12 months
• After opening: within 6 months
• Refrigerate after opening.

• No artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors (see label).
• Supervise while feeding; discard small pieces if needed.

Korean ramen-inspired bites - designed to look like curly noodles for maximum novelty, while staying completely pet-safe (no salt, no seasoning).

• Instant-noodle look, zero human additives
• Novel shape boosts engagement
• Perfect for photos + enrichment

Korean-Style Noodle Treats are a fun, creative air-dried snack inspired by the look of human instant noodles -but made exclusively with pet-safe, natural ingredients.

Designed to deliver both visual appeal and balanced nutrition, this treat contains no seasonings, no salt, and no artificial flavoring , offering pets a safe and engaging snacking experience.

Creative Concept - Creative & Eye-Catching Design Inspired by Korean-style noodles, adding novelty and excitement to treat time.